Vestibular Assessment and Rehabilitation: Ten-Year Survey Trends of Audiologists' Opinions and Practice.

BACKGROUND: The past decade has yielded changes in the education and training of audiologists and technological advancements that have become widely available for clinical balance function testing. It is unclear if recent advancements in vestibular instrumentation or the transition to an AuD degree have affected audiologists' vestibular clinical practice or opinions. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine predominant opinions and practices for vestibular assessment (VA) and vestibular rehabilitation (VR) over the past decade and between master's- and AuD-level audiologists. METHOD: A 31-question survey was administered to audiologists via U.S. mail in 2003 (N = 7,500) and electronically in 2014 (N = 9,984) with a response rate of 12% and 10%, respectively. RESULTS: There was an increase in the number of audiologists providing vestibular services in the past decade. Most respondents agreed that audiologists were the most qualified professionals to conduct VA. Less than half of the surveyed audiologists felt that graduate training was adequate for VA. AuD-level audiologists were more satisfied with graduate training and felt more comfortable performing VA compared to master's-level audiologists. Few respondents agreed that audiologists were the most qualified professionals to conduct VR or that graduate training prepared them to conduct VR. The basic vestibular test battery was unchanged across surveys and included: calorics, smooth pursuit, saccades, search for spontaneous, positional, gaze and optokinetic nystagmus, Dix-Hallpike, case history, and hearing evaluation. There was a trend toward greater use of air (versus water) calorics, videonystagmography (versus electronystagmography), and additional tests of vestibular and balance function. CONCLUSIONS: VA is a growing specialty area in the field of audiology. Better training opportunities are needed to increase audiologists' knowledge and skills for providing vestibular services. The basic tests performed during VA have remained relatively unchanged over the past 10 yr.

Caracterización de las alteraciones vestibulares en pacientes con síndrome de latigazo cervical / Vestibular disorders in patients with whiplash injury syndrome

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de alteraciones vestibulares en pacientes con síndrome de latigazo cervical (SLC). Material y método: Estudio transversal en 24 pacientes consecutivos atendidos por presentar SLC con grado II o III de la Quebec Task Force y tiempo de evolución menor de seis meses. Se realizó exploración clínica vestibular completa y exploración instrumental con videonistagmografía (VNG), incluyendo prueba calórica bitérmica, registro de potenciales evocados miogénicos vestibulares (VEMPs), prueba de la vertical visual subjetiva (VVS) y posturografía dinámica. También fueron evaluados mediante los cuestionarios SF-36 (salud general), DHI-S (discapacidad vestibular) y SIMS (simulación). Resultados: La prevalencia de alteraciones vestibulares se situó en el 25%. El reflejo vestíbulo-cólico evaluado mediante VEMPs estaba alterado en el 25% de los pacientes con SLC. La VSV se encontraba alterada en el 17% de los casos. La posturografía dinámica identificó un patrón vestibular en el 25% de los casos. La estimación de simulación entre los pacientes con SLC se produjo, al menos, en el 25% de los casos. Conclusión: La alteración de varias pruebas vestibulares en pacientes con SLC sugiere una disfunción vestibular asociada a ILT prolongada. Las puntuaciones elevadas en los cuestionarios de discapacidad vestibular (DHI) y de simulación de síntomas (SIMS) podrían ser utilizadas como indicadores de percepción de trastorno vestibular grave e ILT prolongada (AU)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of vestibular dysfunction in patients with whiplash. Material and method: A cross-sectional study including 24 consecutive patients with grade II or III whiplash according to the Quebec Task Force scale and time course < 6 months. A complete vestibular examination with video-oculographic recording was performed including a bithermal caloric test, vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), subjective visual vertical (SVV) and dynamic posturography. We also used the questionnaires SF-36 (general health), DHI-S (vestibular handicap) and SIMS (malingering). Results: The prevalence of vestibular dysfunction is around 25%. The vestibulo-collic reflex evaluated by VEMPs was absent in 25% of patients with whiplash. SVV was abnormal in 17% of cases. Dynamic posturography showed a vestibular pattern in 25% of cases. Scores suggesting malingering in whiplash was observed in 25% of cases. Conclusion: The finding of several abnormal tests in patients with whiplash suggests a vestibular dysfunction associated with a long incapacity. High scores in the DHI and SIMS scales could be useful as predictors of severe vestibular disorder with long incapacity (AU)

A critical review of the neurophysiological evidence underlying clinical vestibular testing using sound, vibration and galvanic stimuli.

In addition to activating cochlear receptors, air conducted sound (ACS) and bone conducted vibration (BCV) activate vestibular otolithic receptors, as shown by neurophysiological evidence from animal studies--evidence which is the foundation for using ACS and BCV for clinical vestibular testing by means of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs). Recent research is elaborating the specificity of ACS and BCV on vestibular receptors. The evidence that saccular afferents can be activated by ACS has been mistakenly interpreted as showing that ACS only activates saccular afferents. That is not correct - ACS activates both saccular and utricular afferents, just as BCV activates both saccular and utricular afferents, although the patterns of activation for ACS and BCV do not appear to be identical. The otolithic input to sternocleidomastoid muscle appears to originate predominantly from the saccular macula. The otolithic input to the inferior oblique appears to originate predominantly from the utricular macula. Galvanic stimulation by surface electrodes on the mastoids very generally activates afferents from all vestibular sense organs. This review summarizes the physiological results, the potential artifacts and errors of logic in this area, reconciles apparent disagreements in this field. The neurophysiological results on BCV have led to a new clinical test of utricular function - the n10 of the oVEMP. The cVEMP tests saccular function while the oVEMP tests utricular function.

[Modern diagnostics of vestibular dysfunction].

Based on the data of anatomy and physiology of vestibular apparatus, authors reviewed methods of assessment of its functional state, theoretical and practical aspects of their strength and limitations. A special attention is drawn to current approaches to investigation of vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) in different pathologies. The authors emphasized that the diagnostics of vestibular dysfunction should be based on a battery of tests. Both traditional and new methodologies should be used.

Vestibular function testing.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review provides an overview of vestibular function testing and highlights the new techniques that have emerged during the past 5 years. RECENT FINDINGS: Since the introduction of video-oculography as an alternative to electro-oculography for the assessment of vestibular-induced eye movements, the investigation of the utricle has become a part of vestibular function testing, using unilateral centrifugation. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials have become an important test for assessing saccular function, although further standardization and methodological issues remain to be clarified. Galvanic stimulation of the labyrinth also is an evolving test that may become useful diagnostically. SUMMARY: A basic vestibular function testing battery that includes ocular motor tests, caloric testing, positional testing, and earth-vertical axis rotational testing focuses on the horizontal semicircular canal. Newer methods to investigate the otolith organs are being developed. These new tests, when combined with standard testing, will provide a more comprehensive assessment of the complex vestibular organ.

Function tests of the otolith or statolith system.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review aims to provide an overview of recent advances in tests to evaluate otolith function over the last 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS: Over the last 2 years, many papers have focused on the application of the vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP). Several aspects are under survey: a search for optimal stimuli, search for normative data, search for which labyrinthine function losses and what kind of pathologies induce abnormal VEMPs. The review shows that some fundamental problems still have to be solved to improve reproducibility and to increase sensitivity. Other research and modelling is performed to find out how the brain distinguishes tilts from translations. Several papers support routine implementation of subjective visual vertical (SVV) measurements (in rest and during centrifugation) in the standard vestibular test battery. Interesting reports mention short latency vestibulo-ocular reflex induced by taps and short auditory stimuli. One report mentions the impact of otolith dysfunction upon spontaneous nystagmus and head shaking nystagmus. SUMMARY: Although validation is still needed and in progress, the state of the art laboratory should consider the following tests for an evaluation of otolith function as relevant: slow tandem gait, VEMP, SVV during centrifugation.

Contemporary vestibular function testing: accomplishments and future perspectives.

The development of a standard test battery for the evaluation of vestibular function required a variety of preliminary investigations about the technical and physiologic foundations of the tests. The most important technologic development was the creation of computerized methods, including hardware and software capabilities. The designs of tests were based on physiologic and diagnostic considerations, as demonstrated in experiments on normal subjects and patients. Although time tested and sound, the available test battery satisfies only a limited number of requirements for comprehensive evaluation of vestibular function. This article describes the list of accomplishments, the state of the present limitations, and the needs for the future.

[Instrumental study of vertigo: when and how?]. / Exploration instrumentale des vertiges: quand et comment?

Any case of vertigo and equilibrium disorder for which an origin is not rapidly determined requires exploration for diagnosis. This exploration comprises two parts: first, that of peripheral components, including a standard audiometric examination, completed by study of the evoked auditory potentials. This is followed by vestibular examination comprising at least caloric tests of both ears, usually associated with rotation tests; second, exploration of the central pathways, by electro-oculography, study of pursuit and saccadic movements. The techniques of posturography, especially dynamic posturography by the equi-test, allow determination of the role of the vestibular apparatus in equilibrium and to define the respective roles of the labyrinth, vision and sensitivity in equilibrium. The technique is rapidly developing and will no doubt include the study of coordination of head and eye movements, study of stabilisation of vision and the head, and in particular study of otolithic function.